In a Newbloom care home you will find care staff with a smile, residents enjoying their lives in the company of likeminded people, an excellent choice of food at every mealtime, and an abundance of activities available. Residents can either be highly involved, or can enjoy peace and quiet, depending on their preference.

By Fiona GrahamTechnology of business reporter, BBC News

Although those of us following the Mayan long calendar may be heading into 2012 with some trepidation, for those taking a longer-term view here is our annual peek into what next year holds.

Just as there are 12 days of Christmas, 12 people from across the technology spectrum give their insights to what the next year will hold.

We have the first six here, with part two following on Friday.

It’s been a turbulent year for technology, and enterprise is no exception.

The consumerisation of IT continues apace with more and more of us bringing our own devices to work. Cloud computing seems to be almost ubiquitous and virtualisation no longer sounds like something to do with the transporter in Star Trek.

These topics and more all made it into last year’s predictions. So what do the experts think is hovering on the horizon in 2012?

Tom Standage – Digital Editor, The Economist

Number one would be social networking in business.

I think this is going to be very significant, because there are a number of reasons why companies might want to do this.

I think they’ve been slow to because of the perception that using social networks is wasting time, what you might call social not-working.

Tom Standage sees 2012 as the year NFC will finally take off

And in fact the opposite is true. I think the chances are that the future of enterprise software looks like Facebook.

We’re seeing some companies adopting this already through systems like Chatter, Salesforce, Yammer and Jive – there’s a whole bunch of them.

The other thing of course is that people entering the workforce at this point are used to using social media, so if you give them enterprise software that looks like Facebook, they’ll feel right at home.

Another thing to watch for is that Google may lose control of Android.

It’s because the tablet market is going to be divided between Amazon and Apple from the looks of things. It’s very hard to see how anyone else can get in in the middle.

The future of enterprise software looks like Facebook

Amazon can subsidise the cost of its tablets using subsidies from the sale of content and other things. They are essentially portable shops, a very clever idea.

I think it’s entirely possible that they dominate at the bottom end, and Apple dominates at the top end because it has scale, it can buy screen and processing power like no-one else can and it has the pricing power of its incredibly strong brand.

This is a problem for Google because if this does happen that means that the dominant kind of Android tablet is the kind where Android itself is sort of hidden and is controlled by Amazon.

The third thing is what happens to Research in Motion (RIM). Someone will buy them I think. The question is will they buy the whole of RIM in its current form.

Blackberries for sale – and will manufacturer Research in Motion be bought as well?

RIM itself could split in two into its hardware and services division and start offering Blackberry services as an app.

I would be very surprised if RIM is still a company in its current form this time next year.

One of my predictions from last year I would like to reiterate, and that is wireless payments.

I was expecting the iPhone that came out this year to have an NFC (near field communication) chip in it and to shake up wireless payments.

It didn’t happen. I’m still convinced it’s going to happen, I think it’s going to happen next year, and the iPhone 5 will have an NFC chip in it.

This I predict will be the latest example of where Apple blesses a technology that is out there but not really being done properly, and Apple comes along and goes: “This is how you do it.”

Elissa Fink – Tableau Software

Firstly big data is just getting bigger and starting to really impact not just the IT organisations and the people that know how to deal with data, but also the everyday knowledge worker, the everyday manager, and the everyday business leader, who have a lot of data they need to get through to make good decisions.

Even more adoption of mobile technologies will take place in businesses

Number two is that the pace is quickening towards making enterprise software more like consumer software. Making it easier to use, faster, with far less training than ever before.

And then number three would be mobile. Mobile adoption is going mainstream [in business].

Organisations are adopting tablets and particularly the iPad at very fast rates, and people want to be able to access their information wherever they are, even if it’s just in a meeting next door. I would say [these are] the top three trends we’re seeing, in no particular order.

William Dudley – Group director, operator services, Sybase 365

I think we’re going to see significant press not from Apple but about Apple.

My prediction is that one of the things the iPhone 5 will do that will be significant will be to support NFC.

NFC is just a trigger to start the process of paying for goods. But NFC doesn’t do any good unless merchants have a point of sale capability to accept that.

The next incarnation of the iPhone will be a major moment in 2012, says William Dudley

And given that Apple has a tremendous database around their app store and iTunes, I would suspect that Apple would want to play a part in creating a point of sale ecosystem.

I don’t have a lot of details but I kind of suspect that this could be a place where they could play and have a big impact. Apple really has been a catalyst for multiple parts of the industry.

Not to say that Google won’t continue to accelerate their payment purchasing mobile service.

Number two is probably around devices.

I think we’re going to see Windows Phone not die a slow death but sort of hold its own.

I think RIM isn’t done yet. Blackberry devices are popular worldwide and in some markets, in the Middle East and the UK, they’re very popular. And they’re certainly very well engrained in enterprises.

RIM has got some capabilities and features that the Apple, Android, even Windows Phones do not. So I would not count them out yet.

Ben Holmes – Partner, Index Ventures

There’s been enormous coverage of 3D printing. When we invested last year [in a 3D printing company] it was still science fiction, but it is rapidly moving from science fiction to science fact.

I think it’s an incredibly powerful concept, the idea of consumers being able to choose and make devices and products themselves.

I think it’s just at that point where the costs are falling very rapidly that it’s now becoming more affordable. Two years ago it was used by high-end architectural practices and by Formula One teams to design and prototype their engines.

3D has evolved from science fiction to science fact (picture courtesy of Shapeways)

I think increasingly the smartphone is becoming a sort of remote control for the world around you.

Already you can order your food through this device, you can use it to hail a cab, to find concerts, and control the heating in your house.

Then there’s mobile gaming. A lot of VCs (venture capitalists) are probably attacking this theme. Facebook gaming is massive – but mobile gaming is still pretty small despite the success of some big names like Angry Birds.

I think a lot of the games which are doing well in iOS and Android, they are fairly crude rip-offs of what happens on Facebook. I think very few companies have really thought deeply about the types of games that fully leverage this device.

I think there will be a Zynga-sized company or bigger built off the back of mobile.

Zynga has probably 50-60% of the social gaming market. The biggest company in mobile gaming has a 1.5% share.

Neil Campbell – Global head of security, Dimension Data

I think 2011 was the year of awareness when it comes to advanced persistent threats [an organised group or government that commits cyber attacks], and sadly 2012 will be the year that advanced persistent threats continue at an incredible pace to plague the internet.

And I say that because they’re relatively simple in their execution, they’re taking advantage of relatively simple vulnerabilities, and they produce a lot of output in the form of all the information that becomes available to the perpetrators – which can be used for a number of reasons from espionage to fraud to blackmail.

Neil Campbell predicts a tough year for cyber security

Until that becomes very difficult to carry out, then we’ll see the popularity of advanced persistent threats continue to increase. The thing that would stop the vulnerabilities being there is really basic security.

We’ve been talking about this for years. When you think about the effort it takes to secure a network, it tends to be getting it perfect that takes the effort, it should be relatively easy to secure the basics.

What conversation could be carried out today without cloud sneaking in there?

The security needs of the cloud are down to the capabilities of the cloud provider, in the rush towards the cloud I’m sure there will be many situations where the two don’t match.

Bring your own device (BYOD) – which is the trend for people to buy their own [work] devices – can only increase as each generation becomes more computer literate.

The cloud could bring security conflicts between businesses and service providers

That’s left organisations with the choice of embracing that trend and proactively developing a stance and policies on BYOD.

If you ignore it people find ways to bring their favourite device to work and make it work. That can include things like setting up their own wireless access points or driving a hole through your firewall to access their email.

People can be very creative when it comes to using technology they love in the way that they want to use it.

Steven Prentice – VP and analyst, Gartner

The control that the IT department has traditionally had over IT is perhaps more illusory than they thought.

It is slipping away. The increasing use of mobile devices, and consumerisation, people using their own systems, social computing and social networking, collaboration tools, the rise in software as a service – business units are buying services as opposed to going to the IT department for systems.

It is a challenging time and IT leaders need to be proactive in their approach and changing their attitudes.

The thing that’s going to hit most organisations I think is the whole big data explosion.

It is driven by the wider internet of things, the proliferation of connected devices producing a mountain of data.

Organisations are always saying: give us better data to help us make better decisions. I think IT is on the verge of being able to deliver some of those things. It’s not going to be easy, there are all sorts of technology variables to be weighed, but the data can be collected, the data can be analysed.

I think the internet of things is going to be one of those potential game changers.

Mobile has become or is becoming the dominant form of access to the internet.

I think that the whole social thing, the investment bubble on this is going to burst. We’ve seen some outrageous valuations during the dot.com boom.

While I don’t think that anyone is suggesting that social is going to go away, they’re perhaps going to be a bit more realistic.

Part two of our look ahead will be published on Friday, 30 December.

• Googlebot, a web crawler that finds and fetches web pages.
• The indexer that sorts every word on every page and stores the resulting index of words in a huge database.
• The query processor, which compares your search query to the index and recommends the documents that it considers most relevant.

Let’s take a closer look at each part.

1. Googlebot, Google’s Web Crawler

Googlebot is Google’s web crawling robot, which finds and retrieves pages on the web and hands them off to the Google indexer. It’s easy to imagine Googlebot as a little spider scurrying across the strands of cyberspace, but in reality Googlebot doesn’t traverse the web at all. It functions much like your web browser, by sending a request to a web server for a web page, downloading the entire page, then handing it off to Google’s indexer.

Googlebot consists of many computers requesting and fetching pages much more quickly than you can with your web browser. In fact, Googlebot can request thousands of different pages simultaneously. To avoid overwhelming web servers, or crowding out requests from human users, Googlebot deliberately makes requests of each individual web server more slowly than it’s capable of doing.

Googlebot finds pages in two ways: through an add URL form, www.google.com/addurl.html, and through finding links by crawling the web.

Unfortunately, spammers figured out how to create automated bots that bombarded the add URL form with millions of URLs pointing to commercial propaganda. Google rejects those URLs submitted through its Add URL form that it suspects are trying to deceive users by employing tactics such as including hidden text or links on a page, stuffing a page with irrelevant words, cloaking (aka bait and switch), using sneaky redirects, creating doorways, domains, or sub-domains with substantially similar content, sending automated queries to Google, and linking to bad neighbors. So now the Add URL form also has a test: it displays some squiggly letters designed to fool automated “letter-guessers”; it asks you to enter the letters you see — something like an eye-chart test to stop spambots.

When Googlebot fetches a page, it culls all the links appearing on the page and adds them to a queue for subsequent crawling. Googlebot tends to encounter little spam because most web authors link only to what they believe are high-quality pages. By harvesting links from every page it encounters, Googlebot can quickly build a list of links that can cover broad reaches of the web. This technique, known as deep crawling, also allows Googlebot to probe deep within individual sites. Because of their massive scale, deep crawls can reach almost every page in the web. Because the web is vast, this can take some time, so some pages may be crawled only once a month.

Although its function is simple, Googlebot must be programmed to handle several challenges. First, since Googlebot sends out simultaneous requests for thousands of pages, the queue of “visit soon” URLs must be constantly examined and compared with URLs already in Google’s index. Duplicates in the queue must be eliminated to prevent Googlebot from fetching the same page again. Googlebot must determine how often to revisit a page. On the one hand, it’s a waste of resources to re-index an unchanged page. On the other hand, Google wants to re-index changed pages to deliver up-to-date results.

To keep the index current, Google continuously recrawls popular frequently changing web pages at a rate roughly proportional to how often the pages change. Such crawls keep an index current and are known as fresh crawls. Newspaper pages are downloaded daily, pages with stock quotes are downloaded much more frequently. Of course, fresh crawls return fewer pages than the deep crawl. The combination of the two types of crawls allows Google to both make efficient use of its resources and keep its index reasonably current.

2. Google’s Indexer

Googlebot gives the indexer the full text of the pages it finds. These pages are stored in Google’s index database. This index is sorted alphabetically by search term, with each index entry storing a list of documents in which the term appears and the location within the text where it occurs. This data structure allows rapid access to documents that contain user query terms.

To improve search performance, Google ignores (doesn’t index) common words called stop words (such as the, is, on, or, of, how, why, as well as certain single digits and single letters). Stop words are so common that they do little to narrow a search, and therefore they can safely be discarded. The indexer also ignores some punctuation and multiple spaces, as well as converting all letters to lowercase, to improve Google’s performance.

3. Google’s Query Processor

The query processor has several parts, including the user interface (search box), the “engine” that evaluates queries and matches them to relevant documents, and the results formatter.

PageRank is Google’s system for ranking web pages. A page with a higher PageRank is deemed more important and is more likely to be listed above a page with a lower PageRank.

Google considers over a hundred factors in computing a PageRank and determining which documents are most relevant to a query, including the popularity of the page, the position and size of the search terms within the page, and the proximity of the search terms to one another on the page. A patent application discusses other factors that Google considers when ranking a page. Visit SEOmoz.org’s report for an interpretation of the concepts and the practical applications contained in Google’s patent application.

Google also applies machine-learning techniques to improve its performance automatically by learning relationships and associations within the stored data. For example, the spelling-correcting system uses such techniques to figure out likely alternative spellings. Google closely guards the formulas it uses to calculate relevance; they’re tweaked to improve quality and performance, and to outwit the latest devious techniques used by spammers.

Indexing the full text of the web allows Google to go beyond simply matching single search terms. Google gives more priority to pages that have search terms near each other and in the same order as the query. Google can also match multi-word phrases and sentences. Since Google indexes HTML code in addition to the text on the page, users can restrict searches on the basis of where query words appear, e.g., in the title, in the URL, in the body, and in links to the page, options offered by Google’s Advanced Search Form and Using Search Operators (Advanced Operators).

Let’s see how Google processes a query.

Copyright © 2003 Google Inc. Used with permission.

For more information on how Google works, take a look at the following articles.

• Google’s page on Google’s Technology, www.google.com/technology/.
• How does Google collect and rank results?, www.google.com/newsletter/librarian/librarian_2005_12/article1.html.
• Google’s PageRank Algorithm and How it Works, www.iprcom.com/papers/pagerank/
• Google’s PageRank Explained and How to Make the Most of It, www.webworkshop.net/pagerank.html

–send2BL–

As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content and HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.

The acronym “SEOs” can refer to “search engine optimizers,” a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site and site content, SEO tactics may be incorporated into website development and design. The term “search engine friendly” may be used to describe website designs, menus, content management systems, images, videos, shopping carts, and other elements that have been optimized for the purpose of search engine exposure.